KHIONE modelling of suspended frazil ice and ice cover, based on an advanced heat balance, taking into account interactions between water, air and frazil concentration, freezing processes and ice cover formation, as well as the effects of ice cover on hydrodynamics or on submerged structures such as clogging on trash racks.

Simulation of frazil concentration in the Saint Lawrence river (a) from Khione user manual and supercooling validation with Carstens experiments (b) from [F. Souillé et al, 2023]